Assignment #16 - Creative Process

-Use path to direct through the design

-Block text for headers

-Game-board pattern 

-Blocks

-Zpattern

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
Engravings or woodcuts were used. 

Post an example of a camera obscura.

What is a camera obscura?
An optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen. 

How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
It was used to observe solar eclipses and phases of the moon. 

From where did the photographic camera develop?

The portable box version of the camera obscura.

Post an the first photograph.

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Herschel first used the term "photography". It is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.

Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?

Louis Daguerre invented the Daguerreotype process. The process reduced the time needed to make photographs. However, the process was expensive, and the image could not be duplicated.

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? 

William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. An unlimited amount of duplicates could be made, but the quality of the image was affected by experimentations.

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process? 

Frederick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. The process reduced the exposure time and costs. A much sharper image was produced. Darkrooms and other equipment had to be portable. 

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. The disadvantage was that this process still made photography too complicated for the general public. The advantage was that the gelatin still is the base of film even today. 

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?

George Eastman is the inventor of roll film, a photographic medium that is coated on paper rolls. He established the Eastman Kodak company.

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the camera called the 'Brownie'. It just sold for $1.

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish? 

Edwin Land is best known for inventing instant photography. He founded the Polaroid Corporation.

How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds.

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for? 

He was known for starting motion picture photography. 

What is the Zoopraxiscope? 

A device used to show images in successive pages of motion. 

How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion? 

He set up a system of cameras that were triggered by a thread when the horse was in motion. 

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this? 

It allowed for the capturing of several individual images on a single film reel.

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector? A device that shines a light through a piece of film and magnifies a "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience. 

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.

Post an example of a Calotype image.

 Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.

 Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.

 Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.

Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?
A device that was able to perform simple math calculations.


In 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer?
Konrad Zuse invented the first freely programable computer.


Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
They were used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.


Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?John Presper Eckhert and John Mauchly designed the first commercial computer, UNIVAC, for the Census Bureau.


What does UNIVAC stand for?
UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer.


In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?IBM stands for International Bussiness Machines.


What is FORTRAN?FORTRAN is the first successful high level programming language.


Post a photo of the first mouse.

In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?Douglas Engelbart changed the way computers worked by inventing the computer mouse.


What is the significance of ARPnet?ARPAnet was developed to protect  the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
Intel introduced the first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.IBM introduced the first "memory disk" commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexibility.

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?Robert Metcalf and Xerox created the first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
the Altair

the Apple I

the Apple II

the TRS-80

The Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the MS-DOS computer operating system which was packaged with the IBM PC.Post a photo of the Lisa computer.

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?Apple introduced the Lisa computer.


What is GUI?
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.


Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.

In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?The more affordable home computer was marketed as the Apple Macintosh Computer.


The commercial only ran one time. When?Apple ran its "1984" commercial durring the superbowl, which cost $1.5 million to produce.


In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the Windows Operating System.


Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs are known for their development of the Apple I computer.


When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?The World Wide Web was developed and introduced on November 12, 1990.


Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?An "easter egg" is an international hidden message, in-joke, or feature in a work.


Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications."Belching cat in version 4.0, credit scroll, and strange cargo."


Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Computer might be able to bring things into the real world in the next 10 years.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 A

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
Inventing the technology of printing with moveable type.

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

 

How did the printing press work? 
Hand press in which ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set black letter held within a wooden form.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Spending time with his father at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers. This and his love of reading motivated him.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Woodcuts weren't durable, splint in the press after repeated use, block was discarded as soon as a slightly different impression was needed. Metal could be produced more quickly and just needed one. 

Post an example of movable type in a type case.

 

What is moveable type?
System of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters and punctuation).

What is a matrix?
Mold in which something, such as printing type or a phonograph record, is cast or shaped.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
Oil-based ink that was oily, varnish-like and made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
A substrate made from wood pulp that originated in China.

What is a "substrate"? A substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.

Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?  

John Fust, a wealthy businessman, to invest. Fust sued Gutenberg who gave the press, tools, materials, and 180 Bibles to Fust.

What was the first book he printed?

A two-volume Bible

Post an example of this book.
 
 
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It perfected script and made it easier to read, books made more rapidly, current information could be shared locally and around the world, cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them, demand grew and the population became more literate, people wanted books written in their own language and a greater variety of books, book trade began to flourish, as well as industries in paper making, economies became stronger, and art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton

What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704; The Boston Letter

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
A press completely made from cast iron

Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Printing process when ink transfers onto paper

Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process? Relief printing which is the oldest method of printing. Movable type is placed into the press. Ink is spread onto the type. Paper is placed on top. The press applies the direct pressure needed to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.

What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred? 
Image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp paper is placed on top. A press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.


Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.


What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Screen printing is an example of this process. Accounts for a comparatively small volume of the printing industry. Heavy lay down of ink so strong colors can be obtained making it suitable for posters, signs, and shirts.


Post an example of a lithography printing press.

What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Printing from a flat surface. Based on the concept that oil and water do not readily mix. Drawing, or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Water is applied. When ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink; the wet parts do not.

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.


What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Nowadays, they are much faster and much more efficient.

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
CMYK stands for cyan, magenta, yellow, and kohl (black). A combination of these colors are utilized.